Differential Cytokine Expression in the Duodenum and Rectum of Children with Non-Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy

Background Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most prevalent food allergy in children, and its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. It has been shown that the combination of genetic predisposition, perinatal factors, and intestinal imbalance of the immune response mediated by cytokines may play an essential role in CMPA pathogenesis. Aim To characterize the gene expression of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in the duodenum and rectum in patients with CMPA. Methods This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, prospective study. We used specific IgE (ImmunoCAP ® ) in serum and biopsies from the rectum and duodenum for the detection of cytokine messenger RNA levels by real-time PCR in patients with a positive oral food challenge for CMPA. We analyzed the relative quantification of the gene expression of cytokines by real-time PCR, and we used the housekeeping gene GAPDH for normalization purposes. Results Thirty children (13 male and 17 female) were evaluated. All patients had an open challenge for CMPA. IgE specific to casein, alfa-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin was negative in all patients. In terms of cytokine levels, the levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-12 (Th1), IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 (Th2), and IL-17 were found to be higher in the rectum than in the duodenum ( p < 0.05). IL-15 was found to be higher in the duodenum than in the rectum ( p < 0.05). Conclusions In the present study we observed that the immune response in CMPA seems to be mediated by a Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine profile, with the rectum being the main affected site.