Simultaneous electrochemical determination of nitrofurantoin and nifedipine with assistance of needle-shaped perovskite structure: barium stannate fabricated glassy carbon electrode

A needle-shaped perovskite, barium stannate (BaSnO 3 ), was synthesized via a co-precipitation technique for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of antibiotic drug nitrofurantoin (NFTO) and pericardial drug nifedipine (NFP). The spectroscopic and microscopic result confirms that as-prepared BaSnO 3 particles formed with desired crystalline nature, functional group, pore size, pore diameter, and fine needle-like morphology. The simultaneous electrochemical detection of the two pharmaceutical compounds was examined via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique using BaSnO 3 -modified glassy carbon electrode (BaSnO 3 /GCE) at a potential range from +0.4 to − 1.2 V. The discrete and simultaneous detection of NFTO and NFP at the BaSnO 3 sensor exhibits higher catalytic activity in terms of cathodic current and cathodic potential compared to bare GCE. DPV results of the BaSnO 3 sensor provide improved linear ranges and limits of detection for NFTO (0.01–42.65 µM; 42.65–557.65 μM, 0.062 μM, respectively) and NFP (0.01–697.65 μM, 0.0168 μM, respectively). Besides, the BaSnO 3 -fabricated sensor exhibits good sensitivity, reproducibility, and repeatability. The modified electrode shows excellent recoveries of NFTO (97.0–100.7%) and NFP (98.7–101.3%) in plasma, urine, and milk samples with an acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.6–4.8%. Graphical abstract Needle-shaped BaSnO 3 perovskite material for simultaneous electrochemical sensing of pharmaceutical drugs.