Upland rice intercropped with forage grasses in an integrated crop-livestock system: Optimizing nitrogen management and food production

•Upland rice yield was reduced in intercropping with palisade or guinea grass•Forage production in intercropped rice improved land-use and enabled meat production•Two split-N applications minimized competition between rice and intercropped forages•Appropriate N timing in intercropped rice enhances economic return•N application in intercropoped rice-palisade grass systems raised land-use efficiency