Effect of a single subcutaneous injection of meloxicam on chronic indicators of pain and inflammatory responses in 2-month-old knife and band-castrated beef calves housed on pasture

•Effects of meloxicam on chronic indicators of pain after castration.•Cow-calf proximity and home range as novel indicators of pain post-castration.•Knife and banded calves experienced more acute and chronic pain, respectively.•Meloxicam did not reduce indicators of pain at the time-points assessed.•Proximity and home range have the potential to be used as indicators of pain.