Novel insights on use of doxorubicin to treat chemoresistant TNBC by Immunotherapy

Doxorubicin, a WHO listed essential medicine, is used primarily as a combination of taxane/ anthracycline (doxorubicin)/cyclophosphamide (TAC), for treating malignant diseases including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is a subtype of breast cancer categorized by deficient estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor HER-2 [1]. TNBC is challenging to treat due to its genotype and phenotype heterogeneity [2-5], aggressiveness, recurrence [6-10], and resistance to existing therapies. Roughly, 25-45% TNBC patients receiving TAC as preoperative therapy achieve complete response and excellent long-term prognosis [11], while patients who fail TAC have poor prognosis and few therapeutic choices [2].