Wasta: Advancing a Holistic Model to Bridge the Micro-Macro Divide

This article offers a synthesis of understandings ofwasta, seen as a form of social network prevalent in the Arab Middle East. Whilst there has been increasing interest in this practice, research remains fragmented and has been criticised for its limited theoretical rigor. To address this issue, a systematic review of peer-reviewed journal articles exploringwastapublished between 1993 and 2019 was conducted. We analysed the identified papers according to the theoretical lens from whichwastawas viewed, creating a bridge between a theoretical focus on the macro aspect ofwastaand an alternative focus on its micro aspects, leading to the development of a holistic model ofwasta. The model also helps us to understand the complexity ofwasta, both as the network itself and as the social ties that exist among its members, and sheds light on the complex nature of the role and interactions of thewasta. The findings respond to calls for more holistic and inclusive research to inform social networks research and bridge the micro-macro divide. This article offers recommendations to future researchers to build on the holistic and emic approach towastaresearch adopted here.