Reconstructing historical shifts in suitable habitat of Sceloporus lineages using phylogenetic niche modelling

Aim We tested whether we could detect geographical shifts in modelled-suitable habitat. We aim to enhance phylogenetic niche models of past suitable habitats forSceloporuslineages by integrating modern and fossil occurrences with ecological and phylogenetic comparative modelling methods. Specifically, we hypothesized that our integrated approach is sensitive enough to detect geographical shifts in suitable habitat between lineages and through evolutionary time. Location North America. Taxon Sceloporuslizards. Methods We used extant and fossil occurrence data, general circulation models of palaeoclimate, climate envelope modelling and phylogenetic comparative methods to reconstruct past suitable climates forSceloporuslizards over the last 20 million years, and then visualized the geographical locations of individual lineages using multivariate environmental similarity surfaces (MESS) maps. Results We were able to reconstruct ancestral suitable climate forSceloporuslineages with sufficient resolution to identify shifts in geographical location between lineages. We found that large shifts in climate regimes drove the expansion and contraction of suitable habitat through time. We found a positive association between tectonic events, like mountain uplift, and lineage diversification in theSceloporusclade. Mountain uplift also facilitated the emergence of open grassland habitat, which excluded manySceloporusspecies. Main conclusions Our approach was sensitive enough to detect differences in geographical location of suitable habitat across lineages and through evolutionary time. Doing so is a critical first step to tracking the evolutionary ecology of individual taxa over long periods of evolutionary time, and to inferring which species co-existed in which locations. Such inferences would allow for more precise predictions of current and future ecological needs for conservation efforts, and to inform efforts to mitigate climate change.