Meeting agricultural and environmental water demand in endorheic irrigated river basins: A simulation-optimization approach applied to the Urmia Lake basin in Iran

•Simulation-optimization approach for water management in irrigated endorheic basins.•Spatially distributed simulation of surface water and groundwater resources.•Multi-objective optimization to meet environmental and agricultural water demand.•Conjunctive use and time-variable environmental flow requirements to tackle droughts.•Sustainable water management strategies for the Lake Urmia basin.