Predictability and perception for native and non-native listeners

Phonological knowledge is influenced by a variety of cues that reflect predictability (e.g. semantic predictability). Listeners utilize various aspects of predictability when determining what they have heard. In the present paper, we ask how aspects of the acoustic phonetic signal (e.g. speaking rate) interact with other knowledge reflecting predictability (e.g. lexical frequency and collocation strength) to influence how speech is perceived. Specifically, we examine perception of function words by native and non-native speakers. Our results suggest that both native and non-native speakers are sensitive to factors that influence the predictability of the signal, including speaking rate, frequency, and collocation strength, when listening to speech, and use these factors to predict the phonological structure of stretches of ambiguous speech. However, reliance on these cues differs as a function of their experience and proficiency with the target language. Non-native speakers are less sensitive to some aspects of the acoustic phonetic signal (e.g. speaking rate). However, they appear to be quite sensitive to other factors, including frequency. We discuss how these results inform our understanding of the interplay between predictability and speech perception by different listener populations and how use of features reflecting predictability interacts with recovery of phonological structure of spoken language.