Novel use of culturomics to identify the microbiota in hospital sink drains with and without persistent VIM-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In hospitals, Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM)-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa may colonize sink drains, and from there, be transmitted to patients. These hidden reservoirs are difficult to eradicate since P. aeruginosa forms biofilms that resist disinfection. However, little is known on the composition of these biofilms. Therefore, culturomics was used for the first time to investigate the viable microbiota in four hospital sink drain samples with longstanding VIM-positive P. aeruginosa drain reservoirs (inhabited by high-risk clone, sequence type ST111), and four drain samples where VIM-positive P. aeruginosa was not present. Microbial load and composition varied between samples, yielding between 471–18,904 distinct colonies and 8–20 genera. In two VIM-positive drain samples, P. aeruginosa was the most abundantly-isolated microorganism, and found in combination with other Gram-negative bacteria, Citrobacter , Enterobacter , or Stenotrophomonas . P. aeruginosa was in low abundance in the other two VIM-positive samples, and found with Gram-positive cocci ( Enterococcus and Staphylococcus ) or Sphingomonas . In VIM-negative drain samples, high abundances of Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria, including Acinetobacter , non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas spp., Acidovorax , Chryseobacterium , Flavobacterium , and Sphingobium , as well as Candida , were cultured. Although additional experiments are needed to draw more firm conclusions on which microorganisms enable or inhibit VIM-positive P. aeruginosa persistence, our data provide unique insights into the microbial compositions of sink drain inlets.