Binuclear Pd(I)-Pd(I) Catalysis Assisted By Iodide Ligands For Selective Hydroformylation Of Alkenes And Alkynes
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY(2020)
摘要
Since its discovery in 1938, hydroformylation has been thoroughly investigated and broadly applied in industry (>10(7) metric ton yearly). However, the ability to precisely control its regioselectivity with well-established Rh- or Co-catalysts has thus far proven elusive, thereby limiting access to many synthetically valuable aldehydes. Pd-catalysts represent an appealing alternative, yet their use remains sparse due to undesired side-processes. Here, we report a highly selective and exceptionally active catalyst system that is driven by a novel activation strategy and features a unique Pd(I)-Pd(I) mechanism, involving an iodide-assisted binuclear step to release the product. This method enables beta-selective hydroformylation of a large range of alkenes and alkynes, including sensitive starting materials. Its utility is demonstrated in the synthesis of antiobesity drug Rimonabant and anti-HIV agent PNU-32945. In a broader context, the new mechanistic understanding enables the development of other carbonylation reactions of high importance to chemical industry.
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