Integration of multiple imaging platforms to uncover cardiac defects in adult zebrafish

Mammalian models have been instrumental to investigate adult heart function and human disease. However, electrophysiological differences with human hearts and high costs emphasize the need for additional models. The zebrafish is a well-established genetic model to study cardiac development and function; however, analysis of cardiac phenotypes in adult specimens is particularly challenging as they are opaque. Here, we optimized and combined multiple imaging techniques including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging and micro-computed tomography to identify and analyze cardiac phenotypes in adult zebrafish. Using mutants as a case study, we observed morphological and functional cardiac defects, which were undetected with conventional approaches. Correlation analysis of multiple parameters revealed an association between hemodynamic defects and structural alterations of the heart, as observed clinically. Thus, we report a comprehensive and sensitive platform to identify otherwise indiscernible cardiac phenotypes in adult zebrafish, a model with clear advantages to study cardiac function and disease.