An ABA Synthesis Enzyme Allele OsNCED2 Promotes the Aerobic Adaption in Upland Rice

There are two ecotypes, upland rice and irrigate rice, during its evolution in rice. Upland rice exhibits aerobic adaptive phenotype via its stronger root system and more rapid drought responses compared with its counterpart, irrigated rice. We assessed the functional variation and applications of the aerobic adaptive allele cloned from IRAT104 which is a cultivar of upland rice. -overexpressing transgenic rice and -NILs exhibited significantly higher ABA contents at the seedling and reproductive stages, which can improve root development (RD) and drought tolerance (DT) to promote aerobic adaptation in upland rice. RNA-Seq-based expression profiling of transgenic versus wild-type rice identified mediated pathways that regulate RD and DT. Meanwhile, -overexpressing rice exhibited significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging abilities and transcription levels of many stress- and development-related genes, which regulate RD and DT. A SNP mutation (C to T) from irrigated rice to upland rice, caused the functional variation of , and the enhanced RD and DT mediated by this site under aerobic conditions could promote higher yield of upland rice. These results show that , through ABA synthesis, positively modulates RD and DT which confers aerobic adaptation in upland rice and might serve as a novel gene for breeding aerobic adaptive or water-saving rice.