Prepronociceptin expressing neurons in the extended amygdala encode and promote rapid arousal responses to motivationally salient stimuli

Motivational states are complex and consist of cognitive, emotional, and physiological components controlled by a network across multiple brain regions. An integral component of this neural circuitry is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, we identified a subpopulation of neurons within BNST expressing the gene prepronociceptin (), that can modulate the rapid changes in physiological arousal that occur upon exposure to stimuli with motivational salience. Using two-photon calcium imaging we found that excitatory responses from individual neurons directly corresponded with rapid increases in pupillary size and occurred upon exposure to both aversive and rewarding odors. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of these neurons increased pupillary size, but did not alter approach/avoidance or locomotor behaviors. These findings suggest that excitatory responses in neurons encode rapid arousal responses irrespective of tested behaviors. Further histological, electrophysiological, and single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that neurons are composed of genetically and anatomically identifiable subpopulations that can be further investigated. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a key role for a neuronal ensemble in encoding the rapid arousal responses that are triggered by motivational stimuli.