Activation of Macrophages by Lysophosphatidic Acid through the Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 as a Novel Mechanism in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous phospholipid involved in multiple immune cell functions and dysregulated in MS. Its receptor LPA 1 is expressed in macrophages and regulates their activation, which is of interest due to the role of macrophage activation in MS in both destruction and repair. In this study, we studied the genetic deletion and pharmaceutical inhibition of LPA 1 in the mouse MS model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). LPA 1 expression was analyzed in EAE mice and MS patient immune cells. The effect of LPA and LPA 1 on macrophage activation was studied in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We show that lack of LPA 1 activity induces milder clinical EAE course and that Lpar1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlates with onset of relapses and severity in EAE. We see the same over-expression in PBMC from MS patients during relapse compared with progressive forms of the disease and in stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages. LPA induced a proinflammatory-like response in macrophages through LPA 1 , providing a plausible way in which LPA and LPA 1 dysregulation can lead to the inflammation in MS. These data show a new mechanism of LPA signaling in the MS pathogenesis, prompting further research into its use as a therapeutic target biomarker.