Gender effects on quality of life and symptom burden in patients with lung cancer: results from a prospective, cross-cultural, multi-center study.

Background: Lung cancer causes impairment of health-related quality of life (QoL), but little is known about gender aspects in QoL and symptom burden of lung cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in QoL as assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and the updated lung cancer module. Methods: In a prospective, international, cross-cultural, multicenter study that was undertaken to update the lung cancer-specific module EORTC QLQ-LC13, patients filled in the core questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30 and the updated lung cancer module. Gender differences were calculated for all QoL scores using ANCOVAs that controlled for known and suspected confounders. Comparisons with historic data were drawn. Results: A total of 200 patients (82 female and 118 male, median age 65 years) were recruited. With the exception of coughing (estimated marginal means: women 33.86 and men 43.52, P=0.022) and diarrhea (estimated marginal means: women 26.01 and men 17.93, P=0.038) there were no significant QoL gender differences. Fatigue was the most pronounced symptom in both, men and women, outpacing typical respiratory symptoms. Quite generally, our sample of lung cancer patients showed considerably worse QoL in all scores when compared to EORTC reference data (lung cancer and combined cancer diagnoses, mean differences up to 13.70 and 21.54 score points, respectively) and to a German norm reference sample (up to 35.37 score points). Conclusions: This study adds to the literature in showing that the typical QoL gender difference effect (women doing worse than men) may not be generalizable across all patient samples.