T-1-FLAIR imaging during continuous head motion: Combining PROPELLER with an intelligent marker

Purpose The purpose of this work is to describe a T-1-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence that is able to produce sharp magnetic resonance images even if the subject is moving their head throughout the acquisition. Methods The robustness to motion artifacts and retrospective motion correction capabilities of the PROPELLER (periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction) trajectory were combined with prospective motion correction. The prospective correction was done using an intelligent marker attached to the subject. This marker wirelessly synchronizes to the pulse sequence to measure the directionality and magnitude of the magnetic fields present in the MRI machine during a short navigator, thus enabling it to determine its position and orientation in the scanner coordinate frame. Three approaches to incorporating the marker-navigator into the PROPELLER sequence were evaluated. The specific absorption rate, and subsequent scan time, of the T-1-weighted FLAIR PROPELLER sequence, was reduced using a variable refocusing flip-angle scheme. Evaluations of motion correction performance were done with 4 volunteers and 3 types of head motion. Results During minimal out-of-plane movement, retrospective PROPELLER correction performed similarly to the prospective correction. However, the prospective clearly outperformed the retrospective correction when there was out-of-plane motion. Finally, the combination of retrospective and prospective correction produced the sharpest images even during large continuous motion. Conclusion Prospective motion correction of a PROPELLER sequence makes it possible to handle continuous, large, and high-speed head motions with only minor reductions in image quality.