The prevalence and clinical features of spasmodic dysphonia: A review of epidemiological surveys conducted in Japan.

OBJECTIVES:Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a rare disease and its epidemiological status is unclear. This review aimed to explore the current prevalence and clinical features of SD in Japan. METHODS:We reviewed Japanese surveys of SD and compared them to surveys reported from other countries. We focused on SD prevalence, clinical features (SD type, sex and age), and treatment modalities. RESULTS:The SD prevalence in Japan was 3.5-7.0/100,000, similar to that in Rochester (NY, USA) and Iceland. Adductor SD predominated (90-95%) and females were four-fold more likely to be affected than males. Mean age at onset was approximately 30 years in Japan. Several years elapsed from onset to diagnosis. The most frequent treatment was botulinum toxin injection, and surgical intervention, particularly type 2 thyroplasty is becoming more popular. CONCLUSIONS:Our review demonstrated some differences of clinical features of SD in Japan compared with other countries, such as a greater female predominance and younger age of onset. Many physicians and patients may be unfamiliar with the clinical features of SD leading to delayed of diagnosis. Therefore, we proposed diagnostic criteria to facilitate early diagnosis and an appropriate choice of treatment modalities.