Striving toward Improved Outcomes for Surgically Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: the Promise and Challenges of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy

Purpose of Review Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of non-surgical stage III and stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we review emerging data on the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the setting of earlier stage surgically resectable lung cancer. Recent Findings Several small studies support the safety and feasibility of neoadjuvant immunotherapy, noting similar perioperative rates of morbidity and mortality compared with historical controls. Data from several phase II trials have shown high rates of major pathologic response (MPR), though it is unclear if this will correlate with a survival benefit. Phase III trials of neoadjuvant immunotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. Summary Neoadjuvant immunotherapy offers a promising treatment modality in earlier stage NSCLC patients. Results of ongoing phase II and phase III trials will be essential in determining how to best integrate this treatment modality in the future.