Using text reminders to increase attendance and attainment: Evidence from a field experiment

Although the benefits of adult literacy and numeracy programs are well-established, high drop-out rates in the first weeks of a program mean that many adult learners do not reap the benefits of such programs. This study presents the results of a large-scale field experiment aimed at using text message reminders to increase student attendance and attainment within UK government-sponsored literacy and numeracy programs for adults. We find that the text intervention has a large and persistent effect on student attendance as well as performance on exams designed to test numeracy and literacy. At the end of the academic year, we find a 19% increase in attendance rates, and an 8 percentage point increase in the likelihood of passing exams. At a cost of less than $5 per learner, including labor costs, this suggests that low-cost behavioral nudges can have a disproportionate impact on educational outcomes even for hard-to-reach populations such as adult learners.