Preclinical and clinical studies of photobiomodulation therapy for macular oedema

Aims/hypothesis Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is the leading cause of visual impairment in people with diabetes. Intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors or corticosteroids prevent loss of vision by reducing DME, but the injections must be given frequently and usually for years. Here we report laboratory and clinical studies on the safety and efficacy of 670 nm photobiomodulation (PBM) for treatment of centre-involving DME. Methods The therapeutic effect of PBM delivered via a light-emitting diode (LED) device was tested in transgenic mice in which induced Müller cell disruption led to photoreceptor degeneration and retinal vascular leakage. We also developed a purpose-built 670 nm retinal laser for PBM to treat DME in humans. The effect of laser-delivered PBM on improving mitochondrial function and protecting against oxidative stress was studied in cultured rat Müller cells and its safety was studied in pigmented and non-pigmented rat eyes. We then used the retinal laser to perform PBM in an open-label, dose-escalation Phase IIa clinical trial involving 21 patients with centre-involving DME. Patients received 12 sessions of PBM over 5 weeks for 90 s per treatment at a setting of 25, 100 or 200 mW/cm 2 for the three sequential cohorts of 6–8 patients each. Patients were recruited from the Sydney Eye Hospital, over the age of 18 and had centre-involving DME with central macular thickness (CMT) of >300 μm with visual acuity of 75–35 Log minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) letters (Snellen visual acuity equivalent of 20/30–20/200). The objective of this trial was to assess the safety and efficacy of laser-delivered PBM at 2 and 6 months. The primary efficacy outcome was change in CMT at 2 and 6 months. Results LED-delivered PBM enhanced photoreceptor mitochondrial membrane potential, protected Müller cells and photoreceptors from damage and reduced retinal vascular leakage resulting from induced Müller cell disruption in transgenic mice. PBM delivered via the retinal laser enhanced mitochondrial function and protected against oxidative stress in cultured Müller cells. Laser-delivered PBM did not damage the retina in pigmented rat eyes at 100 mW/cm 2 . The completed clinical trial found a significant reduction in CMT at 2 months by 59 ± 46 μm ( p = 0.03 at 200 mW/cm 2 ) and significant reduction at all three settings at 6 months (25 mW/cm 2 : 53 ± 24 μm, p = 0.04; 100 mW/cm 2 : 129 ± 51 μm, p < 0.01; 200 mW/cm 2 : 114 ± 60 μm, p < 0.01). Laser-delivered PBM was well tolerated in humans at settings up to 200 mW/cm 2 with no significant side effects. Conclusions/interpretation PBM results in anatomical improvement of DME over 6 months and may represent a safe and non-invasive treatment. Further testing is warranted in randomised clinical trials. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02181400 Graphical abstract