Title: Exploration-exploitation Transitions Running Head: Sef Surprise Signals Drive Behavioral Transitions Introduction

1 Surprise Signals in the Supplementary Eye Field: Rectified Prediction Errors Drive 2 Exploration-Exploitation Transitions 3 4 Authors: 5 Norihiko Kawaguchi, Kazuhiro Sakamoto, Naohiro Saito, Yoshito Furusawa, Jun Tanji, 6 Masashi Aoki, and Hajime Mushiake 7 8 Affiliations: 9 Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 10 Sendai, 980-8575, Japan 11 Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 12 Sendai, 980-8574, Japan 13 Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, 14 Sendai, 980-8577, Japan 15 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), JST, Tokyo 16 17 Running Head: SEF Surprise Signals Drive Behavioral Transitions 18 19 Corresponding author: Hajime Mushiake 20 Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 21 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan 22 e-mail: hmushiak@med.tohoku.ac.jp, phone: +81-22-717-8073 23 24 Number of pages: 51 25 Number of figures: 9 26 Number of tables: 2 27 Numbers of words: abstract 230, Introduction 468, Discussion 2545. 28 29 Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. 30 31 Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (November 19, 2014). doi:10.1152/jn.00128.2014