Neuron-Bipolar Junction Transistor (νBJT) Circuits Enable the Formation of Cellular Networks and Human Neural Sensors Such as the Retina

he analysis and modeling of human neural systems has long been a very important research field where many concepts can be applied to many applications in intelligent machines performing human-like speech, image, or other neural signal processing. The resultant technological models have led to the development of new computational methodologies and artificial neural networks (ANNs). It is always a great challenge to design neuro-morphic or neuro-inspired ANNs to mimic both structures and functions of the brain as well as neural sensors such as the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, etc. This is mainly due to complicated structures and dedicated functions of the brain and neural sensors. It is known that a human brain may consist of 10 neurons with over 10 interconnections per neuron. It performs dedicated functions in a highly parallel processing manner. In human eyes, the retina has millions of cells performing image sensing, smoothing, feature extraction, and dynamic processing.