Bee afraid , bee very afraid-neonicotinoids and the nAChRs family

The reasons for the decline are currently not clear. However, some studies have linked the reduction in bee numbers to a widely-used class of pesticides, neonicotinoids, that have been broadly administered in large-scale crop production since the mid 1990’s – the same time that mass bee disappearances started to be reported 2. These nicotine-like chemicals, which include three key neonicotinoids: thiamethoxam 3, clothianidin 4,5 and imidacloprid 6,7,8, are considered safe for mammals, but are highly toxic to insects. Bee afraid, bee very afraid neonicotinoids and the nAChRs family