Estimated whole-brain and lobe-specific radiofrequency electromagnetic fields doses and brain volumes in preadolescents.

•We estimated overall and source-specific RF-EMF doses to the brain.•Estimated overall whole-brain RF-EMF dose was 84.3 mJ/kg/day.•Overall whole-brain or lobe-specific RF-EMF doses were not related to brain volumes.•Whole-brain RF-EMF dose from mobile communication devices for screen activities while wirelessly connected to the internet was associated with smaller caudate volume.•We cannot discard residual confounding, chance finding, or reverse causality.