An IoT-Based Intelligent System for Real-Time Parking Monitoring and Automatic Billing.

This paper describes an internet of things (IoT)-based parking sensing system that deploys a robust outdoor vehicle localization and recognition methodologies. Although, parking occupancy monitoring systems have made a considerable progress, smart parking payment is rarely studied in smart parking research. This paper proposes a new low-cost sensor system allowing real-time parking occupancy monitoring along with parking payment without requiring any user/driver interaction. The proposed on-board vehicle transceiver device (VTD) sensor, will be deployed without having to install new components on each parking lot. It has benefits in terms of detection and payment reliability, and reduced expense by reducing the system complexity, infrastructure investment, and battery replacement expense. A robust vehicle recognition and parking occupancy monitoring is achieved using two-fold sensing approach. It is a sequence of motion detector and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) sensing techniques. The sensor is triggered when the vehicle is within a parking area thanks to a proposed radio frequency (RF) wake-up technique. As consequence, the energy consumption is optimized and the VTD has a power saving scheme with a power consumption as low as $20\\ \\mu \\mathrm{W}$ at 3 V supply. The VTD can be seamlessly integrated into the intelligent vehicular ad-hoc networks (inVANETs).