Chronic stress under commercial aquaculture conditions: Scale cortisol to identify and quantify potential stressors in milkfish (Chanos chanos) mariculture

With the ever increasing demand for food, global aquaculture practices have intensified enormously over the last years. Due to this intensification, (inadequate) management strategies can cause (chronic) stress in cultured fish, hereby affecting fish performance and welfare. In Southeast Asia milkfish (Chanos chanos) is an important aquaculture species. Traditionally, milkfish are cultured in pond systems with extensive culture practices, however, as culture practices intensified, other systems such as marine cages were introduced.