Quantum discrete levels of the Universe from the early trans-Planckian vacuum to the late dark energy

PHYSICAL REVIEW D(2021)

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摘要
We go forward in completing the Standard Model of the Universe back in time with Planckian and transPlanckian physics before inflation in agreement with observations, classical-quantum gravity duality, and quantum space-time. The quantum vacuum energy bends the space-time and produces a constant curvature de Sitter background. We link the de Sitter Universe and the cosmological constant to the (classical and quantum) harmonic oscillator. We fmd the quantum discrete cosmological levels: size, time, vacuum energy, Hubble constant, and gravitational (Gibbons-Hawking) entropy and temperature from the very early trans-Planckian vacuum to the classical vacuum energy today. For each level n = 0,1,2, ..., the two post- and pre-(trans)-Planckian phases are covered: In the post-Planckian Universe t(planck) t(p) <= t <= 10(61) t(p), the levels (in Planck units) are Hubble constant H-n = 1/root 2n + 1), vacuum energy Lambda(n) = 1/(2n + 1), and entropy S-n = (2n + 1). As n increases, radius, mass, and S-n increase, H-n and Lambda(n) decrease, and consistently the Universe classicalizes. In the pre-Planckian (trans-Planckian) phase 10(-61) t(p) <= t <= t(p), the quantum levels are Lambda(Qn) = root(2n + 1), Lambda(Qn) = (2n + 1), and S-Qn = 1/(2n + 1), Q denoting quantum. The n levels cover all scales from the far past highest excited trans-Planckian level n = 10(122) with finite curvature, Lambda(Q) = 10(122), and minimum entropy S-Q =10(-122); n decreases till the Planck level (n = 0) with H-planck = 1 = Lambda(planck) = S-planck and enters the post-Planckian phase, e.g., n = 1,2, ..., n(inflation) = 10(12), ..., n(cmb) = 10(114), ..., n(reoion) = 10(118), and n(today) = 10(122), with the most classical value H-today = 10(-61), Lambda(today) = 10(-122) and S-today = 10(122). We implement the Snyder-Yang algebra in this context, yielding a consistent group-theory realization of quantum discrete de Sitter space-time, classical-quantum gravity duality symmetry, and a clarifying unifying picture.
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