Aberrant DNA methylation in the PAX2 promoter is associated with Müllerian duct anomalies

Purpose Abnormalities during Müllerian duct and female reproductive tract formation during embryonic development result in Müllerian duct anomalies (MDA). Previous studies have identified a role for mutations in related genes and DNA copy number variation (CNV). However, the correlation between gene methylation and MDA remains to be understood. Methods Endometrial tissues were collected from patients with septate ( n = 23) or normal uterus ( n = 28). We detected the methylation status of CpG sites and mRNA levels of nine candidate genes, including HOXA10, EMX2, TP63, ITGB3, PAX2, LHX1, GSC, WNT4 , and H19 , using MethyTarget and quantitative real-time polynucleotide chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively Results Compared with healthy controls, we detected three hypomethylated CpG sites ( P < 0.05) and increased mRNA levels of PAX2 ( P < 0.05) in individuals with MDA. HOXA10, EMX2, TP63, ITGB3, LHX1 , and GSC had 1, 1, 2, 1, 5, and 2 differentially methylated CpG sites ( P < 0.05), respectively, but there were no significant differences in their mRNA levels ( P > 0.05). WNT4 and H19 did not show differences in methylation ( P > 0.05) and mRNA levels ( P > 0.05). Conclusions Aberrant DNA methylation within the promoter of PAX2 may contribute to the development of MDA by regulating its gene expression. However, the methylation status of HOXA10, EMX2, TP63, ITGB3, LHX1, GSC, WNT4, and H19 , may not contribute to the development of MDA.