Differential IL-18 Dependence of Canonical and Adaptive NK Cells for Antibody Dependent Responses to P. falciparum .

Human adaptive natural killer (NK) cells have diminished reliance on accessory cytokines for their activation whilst being efficiently activated by infected host cells in conjunction with pathogen specific antibodies. Here, we show that potent antibody-dependent NK cell responses are induced by Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (iRBC) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from malaria-exposed Gambian individuals in the presence of autologous sera, which are absent in those from malaria-naive UK individuals. However, malaria hyper-immune serum promotes rapid NK cell responses to iRBC in cells from both Gambian and UK individuals. Among Gambians, highly differentiated, adaptive (CD56dimFc epsilon R1 gamma-CD57+) NK cells dominate both antibody-dependent NK cell IFN-gamma responses and degranulation responses, whereas among UK individuals these responses are predominantly found within canonical, highly differentiated CD56dimFc epsilon R1 gamma+CD57+ NK cells. Indeed, overall frequencies of adaptive, Fc epsilon R1 gamma-CD57+ NK cells are significantly higher among Gambian donors compared to HCMV-infected and HCMV-uninfected UK adults. Among UK individuals, antibody-dependent NK cell IFN-gamma responses to iRBC were dependent on IL-18 whereas among Gambians, the predominant adaptive Fc epsilon R1 gamma- NK cell response was IL-18 (and accessory cell) independent (although the lower frequency response of canonical Fc epsilon R1 gamma NK cells did rely on this cytokine).