Results and predictors of outcome of endoscopic endonasal surgery in Cushing’s disease: 20-year experience of an Italian referral Pituitary Center

Purpose To assess outcomes and predictors of early and long-term remission in patients with Cushing’s disease (CD) due to ACTH-secreting adenomas treated via endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). Methods This is a retrospective study. Consecutive patients operated for CD from 1998 to 2017 in an Italian referral Pituitary Center were enrolled. Clinical, radiological, and histological data at enrollment and follow-up were collected. Results 151 patients (107 F) were included; 88.7% were naïve for treatment, 11.3% had been treated surgically and 11.2% medically. At pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 35 had a macroadenoma and 80 a microadenoma, while tumor was undetectable in 36 patients. Mean age at surgery was 41.1 ± 16.6 years. Diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 82.4% of the cases. Patients with disease persistence underwent second surgery and/or medical and/or radiation therapy. Mean follow-up was 92.3 ± 12.0 (range 12–237.4) and median 88.2 months. Remission rate was 88.1% after the first surgery and 90.7% at last follow-up. One patient died of pituitary carcinoma. Post-surgical cortisol drop ( p = 0.004), tumor detection at MRI ( p = 0.03) and size < 1 cm ( p = 0.045) increased the chance of disease remission; cavernous sinus invasion was a negative predictor of outcome ( p = 0.002). Twenty-seven patients developed diabetes insipidus and 18 hypopituitarism. Surgery repetition increased the risk of hypopituitarism ( p = 0.03), but not of other complications, which included epistaxis ( N = 2), cerebrospinal fluid leakage (1), pneumonia (3), myocardial infarction (1), and pulmonary embolisms (2). Conclusions Selective adenomectomy via EEA performed by experienced surgeons, supported by a multidisciplinary dedicated team, allows long-term remission in the vast majority of CD patients with low complication rate.