Low temperature durability and consistency analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack based on comprehensive characterizations

•The differences of consistency are showed by comprehensive characterizations.•The No.1 cell has the worst degradation in durability after Freezing/Thaw cycles.•Synchrotron radiation 3D imaging reconstruction shows the membrane cracks in situ.•The delamination appears at the interface of the membrane and catalyst layer.•The crack located within the membrane grows faster than the delamination.