Enhanced serologically based detection of Liberibacters associated with citrus Huanglongbing

'Candidatus Liberibacter spp.' are associated with the most devastating disease of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). In previous work, we established an in situ tissue print method for the detection of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' (CLas) in sweet orange. We optimized the protocol by prein-cubation of the anti-Omp antibody with 5% (w/v) extract of healthy rough lemon. This simple process eliminated cross reactions between citrus and the antibody. The optimized protocol enhanced the application of the polyclonal antibody, and we demonstrate detection of CLas from all parts of the world, including isolates from Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, the United States, and a selection of strains from China representative of the diversity extant there. The assay also was used to detect four isolates of 'Ca. L. africanus' (CLaf) representative of the diversity present in South Africa. The corresponding outer membrane genes of representative isolates were cloned and sequenced. The coding sequences were highly conserved, and isolates of CLas and CLaf shared 53.8 to 55.9% identity between species at the amino acid level. The optimized protocol is efficient for recognition of both CLas and CLaf in phloem cells of different citrus tissues regardless of geographic origin of the HLB samples. The method is simple and scales well to match the urgent need for accurate, sensitive, and high-throughput screening of HLB bacteria, and may play an important role especially for plant inspection and quarantine programs.