Phonophoretic application of a glucosamine and chondroitin nanoemulsion for treatment of knee chondropathies.

Aim: This study was performed to assess the effect of the phonophoretic application of a nanoemulsion incorporating glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (NANO-CG) associated with kinesiotherapy on the reduction of pain and stiffness in knee chondropathy. Materials & methods: NANO-CG was tested in vitro and in vivo prior to being applied in a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Results: Cell viability and hen's egg test-chorionallantonic membrane tests indicated the NANO-CG is safe for topical application. Permeation tests showed NANO-CG enhances drug permeation through the skin. There was no statistical significance between treated groups in this preliminary study, however, pain reduction and complete recovery of articular cartilage were observed in some patients treated with NANO-CG. Conclusion: We demonstrate that NANO-CG may be a promising candidate for the therapy of knee chondropathy. Graphical abstract