COX-2 derived prostaglandins as mediators of the deleterious effects of nicotine in chronic kidney disease.

Tobacco smoking has been identified as a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In previous studies, we showed that nicotine induces cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in vivo and in vitro and that the administration of nicotine in vivo worsens the severity of renal injury in a model of subtotal renal ablation. In the present study, we tested the role of COX-2-derived prostaglandins on the deleterious effects of nicotine in CKD. Sham and 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) rats received tap water or nicotine (100 mu g/mL) in the drinking water for 12 wk. Additional groups also systemically received the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (1.5 mg.kg(-1)day(-1) via osmotic minipump). The administration of nicotine worsened renal injury and proteinuria in 5/6Nx rats and increased proteinuria in sham rats. 5/6Nx rats had increased cortical production of the prostaglandins PGE(2), PGI(2), PGD(2), and PGF(2 alpha), and of thromboxane A(2). In these rats, nicotine reduced the production of all prostaglandins examined except thromboxane A(2). Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 resulted in complete inhibition of all prostaglandins studied and ameliorated renal injury and proteinuria in 5/6N x rats on nicotine but not in 5/6 Nx rats on tap water. Nicotine also reduced the expression of megalin in all groups examined, and this was partially prevented by COX-2 inhibition. In the present study, we showed that in CKD, nicotine worsens renal injury at least in part by producing an imbalance in the production of prostaglandins. This imbalance in the production of prostaglandins likely plays a role in the deleterious effects of smoking on the progression of CKD.