Phytoplankton distribution and physical processes off NW Iberia during two consecutive upwelling seasons

This work presents the results of two oceanographic surveys conducted off NW Iberia during successive summer upwelling seasons, aiming at the identification of the physical processes underlying the phytoplankton distribution in the area. Mooring (ADCP and thermistors) and ship-based CTD-F observations corroborate previous results that wind-driven upwelling circulation, (sub)mesoscale eddies and the stratification induced by the Western Iberia Buoyant Plume (WIBP) are the main processes affecting the chlorophyll distribution, but also provide new insights on key oceanographic structures governing the shelf circulation and phytoplankton structuring, namely (i) the link between frontal activity along the shelf break south of ~ 41 °N, the flow bifurcation at that latitude and the establishment of a cyclonic area with low frontal activity over the mid-shelf; (ii) the measurement of a previously unreported, remarkably persistent (>1 month), near bottom poleward flow at the 30 m isobath, interpreted as the response to the alongshore pressure gradient driven by the stronger upwelling intensity north of 41 °N; (iii) the impact of low salinity buoyant plumes expressed on the shallowing of the Ekman layer, with the consequent frictional (Ekman) currents intensity increase, their low chlorophyll content contrary to previous winter/spring observations, and the lack of a direct relationship between plume salinities and river runoff; and (iv) the strong coupling between the chlorophyll distribution and the small-scale (O(1−10)km) oceanographic features providing further evidence that the phytoplankton distribution off NW Iberia in the summer upwelling season is strongly coupled to submesoscale processes.