From magmatic generation to UHP metamorphic overprint and subsequent exhumation: A rapid cycle of plate movement recorded by the supra-subduction zone ophiolite from the North Qaidam orogen

The rapid subduction and exhumation of high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks exposed in collisional belts play a critical role in understanding the evolution of geodynamics and plate tectonics in subduction zone environments. Herein, ophiolitic fragments, eclogites, and amphibolites, from a subduction channel exposed in the Dulan terrane, North Qaidam orogen were investigated. Garnet compositional zoning from the studied eclogites records only a single cycle of subduction and exhumation. New uranium–lead (U–Pb) zircon ages of the current study combined with previous rutile U–Pb ages from eclogites indicate a rapid cycle of events, starting with the generation of the magmatic protolith at ca. 446 Ma, its subsequent subduction reaching a depth of ca. 100–110 km at ca. 435 Ma, and its exhumation into shallow portions of the crust which occurred at ca. 416 Ma. Thus a rapid 30 million years (Myr) protolith generation–subduction–exhumation cycle could be recorded. According to an ophiolitic rock association with island arc basalt (IAB)-like and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)- to ocean island basalt (OIB)-like trace element compositions, the slab-derived components determined by Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes and the short time span of only about 11 Myr between photolith generation and UHP metamorphism in eclogites, the protolith of eclogite is best explained as a supra-subduction zone ophiolite. This finding likely records the closure of the South Qilian ocean and the initiation of a continent-arc collision at ca. 446 Ma. Furthermore, starting with subduction erosion during continent-arc collision in the early Palaeozoic, ophiolitic and arc-related materials become subducted in the North Qaidam. It was inferred that such a rapid succession of events from protolith formation to UHP overprint and final exhumation, could be explained by movements of rock material in a subduction channel. Thus, this study provides a new view in understanding the mechanics of different episodes of subduction systems in North Qaidam UHP metamorphic belt.