Transport Properties of Nanoporous, Chemically Forced Biological Lattices.

Permselective nanochannels are ubiquitous in biological systems, controlling ion transport and maintaining a potential difference across a cell surface. Surface layers (S-layers) are proteinaceous, generally charged lattices punctuated with nanoscale pores that form the outermost cell envelope component of virtually all archaea and many bacteria. Ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) obtain their energy exclusively from oxidizing ammonia directly below the S-layer lattice, but how the charged surfaces and nanochannels affect availability of NH4+ at the reaction site is unknown. Here, we examine the electrochemical properties of negatively charged S-layers for asymmetrically forced ion transport governed by Michaelis-Menten kinetics at ultralow concentrations. Our 3-dimensional electrodiffusion reaction simulations revealed that a negatively charged S-layer can invert the potential across the nanochannel to favor chemically forced NH4+ transport, analogous to polarity switching in nanofluidic field-effect transistors. Polarity switching was not observed when only the interior of the nanochannels was charged. We found that S-layer charge, nanochannel geometry, and enzymatic turnover rate are finely tuned to elevate NH4+ concentration at the active site, potentially enabling AOA to occupy nutrient-poor ecological niches. Strikingly, and in contrast to voltage-biased systems, magnitudes of the co- and counterion currents in the charged nanochannels were nearly equal and amplified disproportionally to the NH4+ current. Our simulations suggest that engineered arrays of crystalline proteinaceous membranes could find unique applications in industrial energy conversion or separation processes.