Multiple Roles of Macrophages During Bone Tissue Regeneration

The immune system plays an important role in the bone healing process. Bone implantable scaffolds are aroused multiple directional immune responses, mesenchymal stem cells and bioactive molecules, which are commonly used in many tissue engineering applications, may play a beneficial role modulating the immune system. Macrophages can be considered as a model cell type for the evaluation of immune response. Macrophages are versatile cells of the immune system that play an important role in both advancing and resolving inflammation. In this article, we will review the multiple roles of macrophages modulated the immune system are achieved through delivered bone implantable scaffolds, mesenchymal stem cells and bioactive molecules which involved in the inflammatory process can promote the bone healing constructs.