Assessment of Upper Limb Physiological Features in Patients with Lymphedema After Breast Surgery Using Multiple Instruments.

Background: Objective assessment of upper limb physiological features may allow for early detection and proper intervention for lymphedema after breast surgery. However, the development of diagnostic instruments and standard measurement procedures are required. Methods and Results: Four instruments (Venustron, Softmeasure, Myoton Pro, and iBDent), tape measurement, and water volumetry were investigated in this study. Inter-limb differences in physiological data were obtained from 40 patients with lymphedema after breast surgery and 38 control subjects. Four instruments and tape measurements were performed at four points. Inter-limb differences between patients with lymphedema and control subjects were determined. All measurements took <20 minutes with minimal pain reported. Inter-limb differences in water volumetry and tape measurements, especially when measured at 5 cm distal to the cubital fossa, were increased in International Society of Lymphology (ISL) stage II cases. All four instruments showed high reproducibility in standard silicon sample measurement. On the other hand, data from human samples were varied, and the utility for assessment of lymphedema was not determined. Conclusion: Water volumetry and tape measurement at 5 cm distal to the cubital fossa were useful to assess lymphedema in ISL stage II cases. Four instruments used in this study were feasible in clinical practice. In addition, inconsistent data from human tissue were not due to sensor limitations, rather, acquisition of accurate data from human tissue seemed to be difficult due to anatomical factors. In addition to high-quality sensor, development of system that produce accurate and reproducible results from human tissue is required.