Simultaneous determination of three carbamate pesticides using vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC-amperometric detection

In this study, a vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction procedure for simultaneous determination of three carbamate pesticides (desmedipham, phenmedipham and chlorpropham) was developed and for a first time was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection (HPLC-AD) on a glassy carbon electrode. Variables that affect the procedure were studied, and optimal conditions were found to be 125 μL of toluene as the extraction solvent, 60 s of vortexing at 3000 rpm and a 3 mL sample volume. The HPLC-AD measurements were carried out using the gradient elution method, with a mobile phase consisting of methanol, a buffer solution at pH 3 and detection potential of +1.3 V. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of two types of samples: aqueous (wine, beer, apple juice) and solid (potato).