High frequency full waveform inversion as an interpretation solution

The amount of available data to help us characterise the subsurface is ever increasing. Large seismic surveys, long offsets, multi- and full-azimuth datasets, including 3D and 4D, marine, ocean-bottom nodes and extremely high fold land surveys, are now common. In parallel, computing power is also increasing and, in combination with better data, this enables us to develop better tools and to use better physics to build models of the subsurface. Wave-equation based techniques, such as full waveform inversion (FWI), have therefore become a lot more practical. FWI uses the entire wavefield, including refractions and reflections, primaries and multiples, to generate a refined, high resolution Earth model. This technique is now commonly used at lower frequencies (up to 12 Hz) to derive more accurate models for improved seismic imaging and reduced depth conversion uncertainty. By including higher frequencies in FWI, we can attempt to resolve for finer and finer details. FWI models using the entire bandwidth of the seismic data constitute an interpretation product in itself, with applications in both structural interpretation and reservoir characterisation. Incorporating more physics within the FWI implementation, combined with modern supercomputer facilities, promises to increase the focus on very high frequency FWI in the coming years. In this paper, through a series of field examples, we illustrate the applications and rewards of high frequency FWI: from improved imaging, improved quantitative interpretation and depth conversion to a direct interpretation of the FWI models.