Synthetic and minimalist vectors for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of fungi.

We present a collection of minimalist binary vectors for transformation through ATMT applicable to several fungi species. pLUO plasmid binary vectors consist of a reporter module containing fluorescent proteins, mCherry or eGFP, flanked by a multiple cloning site and a transcription terminator site. They also present a synthetic gene allowing resistance to Hygromicin B flanked by alternate promoters, one for yeast and another for filamentous fungi. Left and right borders were added for Agrobacterium tumefaciens recognition, and a minimal broad-host range RK2 replication origin. Transformation was validated in the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides lutzii. Hence, we developed an efficient and reliable molecular tool for fungal transformation: minimalist, synthetic, modular, and available in four different versions, and these can still be readily modified using a few primers and few cloning steps.