Effect of oxygen on the non-photochemical quenching of vascular plants and potential oxygen deficiency in the stroma of PsbS-knock-out rice

•Low oxygen treatment decreases NPQ development in wild-type rice plants.•High oxygen treatment increases NPQ development in wild-type and PsbS-KO plants.•Low oxygen treatment reduces the half-time of P700 oxidation rate.•The stroma of the PsbS-KO plants is under potential oxygen deficiency.