A Tight Lower Bound for Planar Steiner Orientation

In the Steiner Orientation problem, the input is a mixed graph G (it has both directed and undirected edges) and a set of k terminal pairs 𝒯 . The question is whether we can orient the undirected edges in a way such that there is a directed s t path for each terminal pair (s,t)∈𝒯 . Arkin and Hassin [DAM’02] showed that the Steiner Orientation problem is NP-complete. They also gave a polynomial time algorithm for the special case when k=2 . From the viewpoint of exact algorithms, Cygan et al. [ESA’12, SIDMA’13] designed an XP algorithm running in n^O(k) time for all k≥ 1 . Pilipczuk and Wahlström [SODA’16, TOCT’18] showed that the Steiner Orientation problem is W[1]-hard parameterized by k . As a byproduct of their reduction, they were able to show that under the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) of Impagliazzo, Paturi and Zane [JCSS’01] the Steiner Orientation problem does not admit an f(k)· n^o(k/log k) algorithm for any computable function f . In this paper, we give a short and easy proof that the n^O(k) algorithm of Cygan et al. is asymptotically optimal, even if the input graph is planar. Formally, we show that the Planar Steiner Orientation problem is W[1]-hard parameterized by the number k of terminal pairs, and, under ETH, cannot be solved in f(k)· n^o(k) time for any computable function f . Moreover, under a stronger hypothesis called Gap-ETH of Dinur [ECCC’16] and Manurangsi and Raghavendra [ICALP’17], we are able to show that there is no constant ϑ >0 such that Planar Steiner Orientation admits an (19/20+ϑ ) -approximation in FPT time, i.e., no f(k)· n^o(k) time algorithm can distinguish between the case when all k pairs are satisfiable versus the case when less than k · (19/20+ϑ ) pairs are satisfiable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first FPT inapproximability result on planar graphs.