Mosquito and human hepatocyte infections with Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri.

Background: Human ovale malaria is caused by the two closely related species, Plasmodium ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri. Both species are known to relapse from quiescent hepatic forms months or years after the primary infection occurred. Although some studies have succeeded in establishing mosquito transmission for ovale malaria, none have specifically described transmission and human hepatocyte infection of both sibling species. Methods: Here we describe a simplified protocol for successful transmission of both P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri to Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes and streamlined monitoring of infection using sensitive parasite DNA detection, by loop-activated amplification, in blood-fed mosquitoes. Results: In one experimental infection with P. ovale curtisi and one with P. ovale wallikeri, viable sporozoites were isolated from mosquito salivary glands and used to successfully infect cultured human hepatocytes. Conclusions: This protocol provides a method for the utilisation of pretreatment clinical blood samples from ovale malaria patients, collected in EDTA, for mosquito infection studies and generation of the hepatic life cycle stages of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri. We also demonstrate the utility of loop-activated amplification as a rapid and sensitive alternative to dissection for estimating the prevalence of infection in Anopheles mosquitoes fed with Plasmodium-infected blood.