Occupational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers or decabromodiphenyl ethane during chemical manufacturing: Occurrence and health risk assessment

Field investigations were conducted on a decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) manufacturing plant and a decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) manufacturing plant, and worker exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or DBDPE was assessed. Workshop air was collected and tested to measure levels of external exposure to corresponding chemicals via air inhalation. Paired human serum and urine samples taken from 202 workers were tested to assess levels of internal BFR exposure. Levels of BDE-209 in air for the BDE-209 plant ranged from 10.6 to 295 μg m−3, accounting for at least 99% of the total PBDEs in the workshop air, and those of DBDPE in air samples from the DBDPE plant ranged from 12.7 to 435 μg m−3. Maximum estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BDE-209 and DBDPE accumulated via air inhalation exceeded the corresponding RfD level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, indicating that for some workers, occupational exposure is likely to create significant health problems. The levels of BDE-209 measured in serum taken from BDE-209 workers ranged from 0.202 to 57.1 μg g−1 lw, and those of DBDPE in serum taken from DBDPE workers ranged from 0.087 to 54.4 μg g−1 lw. These values are several orders of magnitude higher than those detected in general areas and e-waste recycling sites. BDE-209 and DBDPE were detected in all of the urine samples with median levels of 1.12 and 8.6 ng mL−1, respectively, and levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE in the urine were significantly and positively correlated with those observed in the serum.