A Molecular Sensor Reveals Differences in Macromolecular Crowding between the Cytoplasm and Nucleoplasm

We describe a molecular sensor that reports, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), on the degree of macromolecular crowding in different cellular compartments. The oligonucleotide-based sensor is sensitive to changes in the volume fraction of macromolecules over a wide range in vitro and, when introduced in cells, rapidly distributes and shows a striking contrast between the cytosol and the nucleus. This contrast can be modulated by osmotic stress, or using a number of drugs that alter chromatin organization within the nucleus. These findings suggest that the sensor can be used as a tool to probe chromosome organization. Further, our finding that the cell maintains different degrees of macromolecular crowding in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm has implications on molecular mechanisms since crowding can alter protein conformations, binding rates, reaction kinetics, and therefore protein function.