Further exploring international entrepreneurial cognitions: The case of the Middle-East

Scholars argue that at least some entrepreneurial cognition is global; but there is little evidence to test this claim in the Middle East. For this region, composed of several countries with distinct socioeconomic contexts, even baseline descriptions are rare. Indeed, some have used the case of Middle East to challenge the global nature of entrepreneurial cognitions among individual entrepreneurs. Using data from 577 entrepreneurs and professionals in Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, four of the largest countries in the region, we study the extent to which entrepreneurial cognitions occur and explain an entrepreneurial mindset in this context.