How organizational characteristics shape gender difference and inequality at work

Why should students and scholars who are interested in gender difference and inequality study organizations? In recent years, as research on organizations has migrated to business schools and become less connected to other subfields of the discipline, the value of organizational sociology has become less evident to many. Yet characteristics of organizations contribute in important ways to producing different experiences and outcomes for women and men, by constraining certain individual actions and enabling or bringing about others. In this essay, we trace the consequences of four categories of organizational characteristics-the formal structure of work, employment practices, informal structure and culture, and organizational networks and fields-for gender inequality in three areas: workplace experiences, work-family conflict, and career outcomes. We close with some brief reflections on future directions for research linking organizations and gender.